Medieval Bronze
Medieval Bronze
History of Science in India in specific areas of astronomy, medicine and mathematics?
Bronze Age, The Age of Iron, medieval, colonial and post-independence period. that recent developments in science and technology are still considered relevant and remain in modern times?
Science and technology in ancient India covered several major branches of human knowledge and activities, including mathematics, astronomy and physics, metallurgy, medicine and surgery, plastic arts, mechanical engineering and production technology, engineering civil and architecture, and navigation, sports and games. Contents [hide] 1 Science Astronomy 1.1 1.2 Math 1.3 Language 1.4 Medicine and Surgery 1.5.1 philosophical discussions 1.5 atomism 1.5.2 Light 2 Chemical Technology 2.2 and 2.3 Metallurgy 2.1 Civil Engineering Technology and Construction output of 2.4 naval architecture and navigation of Fine Arts 3-4 sets and sports 5 See also 6 References [edit] Science [edit] Article Indian astronomy information Astronomy: Indian Jyotisha astronomy and cosmology documented in classical Indian literature covering the Maurya (vedangas Jyotisha, ca. 5th century BC) the Mughal (as the 16th century, schools in Kerala) periods. The first named authors writing treaties astronomy emerged from the 5th century CE, when the period classical Indian astronomy can be said to begin. In addition to the theories of Aryabhata Aryabhata and lost Arya Siddhanta, we find the Pancha-Siddhāntika of Varahamihira. Since then, there is a predominance of geocentric models and possibly models heliocentric astronomy India, unlike the "astronomy Merucentric "Puranic, Jaina and Buddhist traditions, whose real mathematics was largely lost and alone accounts are great. [Edit] astronomy and astrology in ancient India (Jyotisha) is based on astronomical calculations, even if a tropical system is also used in some cases. For example, Uttarayan (Uttarayan उत्तरायण) was determined by a tropical system in the Mahabharata, or vedangas Lagadha in Jyotisha. But even then, sidereal astronomy was the pillar. Now even Uttarayan is determined by the Hindu sidereal system. [edit] Language Main article: vydkarana and Tolkâppiyam More: Panini (grammarian), Bhartrihari, History language and linguistics (including phonology, morphology, etc) arose among Indian grammarians try to catalog and codify the law Sanskrit. Modern linguistics owes a lot to these grammarians, and to date, for example, key terms for the analysis of compounds such as Bahuvrihi are from Sanskrit. The language has been prosecuted in India for several centuries. Sanskrit grammar of Panini (c. 520 to 460 BC), which is often considered the founder of linguistics, provides a detailed description of all Sanskrit morphology, phonology and roots, which have a high level of language skills and analysis. In particular, is most famous for developing the 3959 rules of Sanskrit morphology in the text Aṣṭādhyāyī. Its sophisticated grammar of Sanskrit is still used to date. The Indian grammatical tradition is believed to have been active for many centuries before Panini, and anticipates the evolution of several millennia in the West as the phoneme and the generation of word forms by the successive application of morphological rules for example. (Outside India, the phoneme appears to have been discovered and forgotten several times through history.) Tolkāppiyar Linguist South India (c. 3rd century BC) wrote the Tolkâppiyam, Tamil grammar, which is also still in use today. Bhartrihari (c. 450 - 510) is another author on the theory of Indo-Aryan. His theory was the speech act consists of three steps: the conceptualization of the speaker; performance of speaking and understanding by the interpreter. Panini's work, and the linguist Indian Bhartrihari later had a significant influence on many of the basic ideas proposed by Ferdinand de Saussure, professor of Sanskrit, is widely regarded as the father of modern structural linguistics. [edit] Math Main article: Indian mathematics lead authors of classical Indian mathematics (400 CE to 1200 CE) are scholars like Aryabhata, Brahmagupta and Bhaskara II. Indian mathematicians made early contributions to the study of the decimal system to zero, the negative numbers, arithmetic and algebra. In addition, trigonometry, having evolved in the Hellenistic world and have been made in ancient India through translation of Greek works, is more advanced in India, and in particular, modern definitions of sine and cosine were developed there. These mathematical concepts were transmitted to the Middle East, China and Europe and led to new developments that now form the foundations of many areas of mathematics. [edit] Medicine and Surgery Main Article: Ayurveda Ayurvedic practice was flourishing at the time of the Buddha (circa 520 BC), and in this period the Ayurvedic practitioners also used the combination of mercury for sulfur-based drugs. An important Ayurvedic practitioner of this period was Nagarjuna, a Buddhist herbologist, famous for the invention of several new drugs to treat diseases. [Edit] Nagarjuna was accompanied by Suranand, Nagbodhi, Yashodhana, Nityanatha, Govinda, Anantdev etc. Vagbhatta Sushruta (also spelled Susruta or Sushrutha) (6th century BC) was the first surgeon in the world who lived in ancient India, and is the author of the book Sushruta Samhita, in which describes over 120 surgical instruments, 300 surgical procedures and classifies human surgery in 8 categories. He lived and taught and practiced his art on the banks of the Ganges in the region corresponding the present city of Varanasi in northern India. Plastic surgery developed in India. During the regime Chandragupta Maurya (375-415 AD), Ayurveda was part of the central Indian medical techniques, and remained so until the British colonization. Chakrapani Dutta (DuttaSharma) was a Vaid Brahman of Bengal who wrote books on Ayurveda as "Chakradutta" and others. Chakrapani Dutta was the Great King Laxman Rajavaidya Sen (some said rajVaid King Nayapala (1038 to 1055)). It is believed that some practitioners Chakradutta is the essence of Ayurveda. Ayurveda has always been retained by the people of the India as a traditional science "of life", despite the increasing adoption of European medical techniques at the time of British rule. During several decades the reputation and abilities of the various Ayurvedic schools declined markedly Western medicine and Western-style hospitals were built. However, from the 1970s, a gradual recognition of the value of Ayurveda returned, and today ayurvedic doctors and hospitals are booming all over India. Moreover, production and marketing of Ayurvedic herbal medicines has increased considerably, and scientific documentation of benefits. Today, Ayurvedic medicines are available worldwide. [Edit] The philosophical discussion of this article does not cite references or sources. (September 2007) Please help improve this article by adding references to reliable sources. Unverifiable material may be challenged and removed. More: Physics of India a number of theories the physics of India drew the attention of the Indologists. Australia veteran Orientalist Arthur Llewellyn Basham has concluded that: "They were brilliant explanations imaginative physical structure of the world and largely agree with the findings of modern physics. [edit] About atomism: Atomism The Indian concept of the atom in ancient India comes from the classification of the material world in five basic elements by Indian philosophers. This classification existed since the Vedic period (c. 1500 BC). The elements were the earth (Prithvi), fire (Agni), Air (Vayu), Water (Jaal) and ether or space (Aksha). The papers were associated with perception sensory human being smell, touch, sight, taste and ether / space, respectively. Later, Buddhist philosophers replaced ether / space life joy and sadness. The ancient Indian philosophers believed that all items except ether were physically palpable and hence comprised of small particles. The smallest particle that could not be subdivided, has paramanu called in Sanskrit (shortened to parmanu) from parama (Ultimate or beyond) and Anu (Atom). Thus, "paramanu" literally means "beyond atom" and was an abstract concept to a level that suggests the possibility of division atoms, which is now the source of atomic energy. However, the term "atom" should not be confused with the concept of atoms as understood today. The philosopher of the 6th century BC India Canada was the first person to systematically lost in such theorizing. Another Indian philosopher, a contemporary Katyayana Pakudha Buddha, also proposed the idea of atomic constitution of the material world. All were based on logic and philosophy and without any empirical basis for the lack related technologies. Will Durant wrote in Our Oriental Heritage "Two systems of Hindu thought physics theories claim suggestively similar to those Greece. Kanada, founder of the philosophy of Vaisheshika, ruled that the world consists of atoms larger numbers in nature as different elements. Jains more closely approximated to Democritus by teaching that all atoms are similar, different effects of the various modes of combinations. Canada believed that light and heat as the varieties of the same substance Udayana taught that all the heat from the sun, and Vachaspati, like Newton, interpreted light as composed small particles emitted by substances and striking the eye. [edi
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MAGNIFICENT MEDIEVAL BRONZE FERTILITY BRACELET | |
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OUTSTANDING MEDIEVAL BRONZE RING DOUBLE HEADED EAGLE | |
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Mermaid Statue Medieval Sculptural Home Garden Swimmer New Sale Price: $60.00  |
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this mesmerizing maiden comes up for air in pool, lawn or garden! Distinctive and exclusive garden art, she is a true maritime beauty, from her silky tresses to her flashy fins! Your neighbors will do a double-take when she "swims" with shapely tail through your flowerbed or lawn! The artist has sculpted this mermaid in two pieces, cast her in quality designer resin and then hand-finished her in a muted verdigris finish for years of enjoyment as amazing garden art. |
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ARCHANGEL SAINT St MICHAEL AS MEDIEVAL WARRIOR Real Bronze Powder Cast Statue Sculpture Sale Price: $67.99 |
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The archangel is ranked 8th among the nine positions of all angels. Their primary duty is to achieve the will of God, as it relates directly to mankind. Archangels bring to the world the blessings of the Lord and the special concern of God for each and every one of us... |
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Medieval Fall 13FT Wrought Iron Copper & Bronze Gate Sale Price: $3,376.00 |
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Medieval Fall is a stunning dual gate that spans 13 feet, 10 inches in length. It is made of wrought iron and painted with colors of copper and bronze metallic tones. Very textured and three dimensional it has a clearly enchanting, medieval feel... |
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Circlet Crown Antique Bronze Adult Size Sale Price: $23.95 |
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Metallic circlet crown. Perfect for Fantasy, Medieval and Renaissance costumes. |
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Medieval Stockade Photo Prop $5.99 Includes 1 Medieval Stockade Photo Prop. |
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Medieval Hero Toddler Costume $29.99 This Medieval Hero costume includes: hooded jumpsuit, black & white tunic with embroidered patch, brown belt, two (2) brown vinyl boot covers, and golden crown. Sword and shield not included. |
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Medieval Shield $3.99 Includes shield. |
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Makayla's Bronze Danielle Tote Bronze - Tote $71.99 Makayla's Bronze Danielle Tote Bronze - Boutique Designer |
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